90s editorial fashion shot: Black female model curled naturally on a warm-beige floor against a cream backdrop, wearing a rust ribbed bodysuit and matte ballet flats. One arm extends toward the lens as though taking a selfie (phone out of frame); she looks directly into the camera with playful, pursed lips. Soft diffuse lighting, velvet-matte skin. High realism, minimalist studio elegance.
Y2K studio shot: woman squats on a pristine white backdrop, low upward angle. Earth-brown/olive raglan tee, oversized distressed denim cargo pants, chunky black street shoes. Messy ponytail, wired black headphones, rebellious piercing glare. Soft even light, subtle grain, indie-sleaze Harajuku vibe.
close-up, side view: man hand holding sword made from ice, 35 mm film clarity. blue color grade, subtle grain, razor-sharp detail with shallow depth of field, snowing ___
Extreme close-up: furious sheriff’s eyes, dust-specked and squinting, 35 mm film clarity. Reflections of a sun-bleached frontier town shimmer in the irises; warm, gritty western color grade, subtle grain, razor-sharp detail with shallow depth of field. ___
close-up, side view: chameleon eyes and head, 35 mm film clarity. dark green color grade, subtle grain, razor-sharp detail with shallow depth of field, forrest, swamp
High-ashion street editorial: Korean woman in a sculptural leather jacket and flowing scarf strides through a crowded Tokyo street. Harsh midday light and direct flash carve deep shadows on her face, revealing leather grain and skin pores. Blurred figures and bokeh swirl around her, highlighting her calm stillness. Shot eye-level on a 50 mm at high shutter speed with a faded film grade—cold urban tones meet warm skin flares for a gritty, modern edge.
Ribs increase the bending stiffness of a part. Without ribs, the thickness has to be increased to increase the bending stiffness. Adding ribs increases the moment of inertia, which increases the bending stiffness. Bending stiffness = E (Young's Modulus) x I (Moment of Inertia)
The rib thickness should be less than the wall thickness-to keep sinking to a minimum. The thickness ranges from 40 to 60 % of the material thickness. In addition, the rib should be attached to the base with generous radiusing at the corners.
At rib intersections, the resulting thickness will be more than the thickness of each individual rib. Coring or some other means of removing material should be used to thin down the walls to avoid excessive sinking on the opposite side.
The height of the rib should be limited to less than 3 x thickness. It is better to have multiple ribs to increase the bending stiffness than one high rib.
The rib orientation is based on providing maximum bending stiffness. Depending on orientation of the bending load, with respect to the part geometry, ribs oriented one way increase stiffness. If oriented the wrong way there is no increase in stiffness.
Draft angles for ribs should be minimum of 0.25 to 0.5 degree of draft per side.If the surface is textured, additional 1.0 degree draft per 0.025 mm (0.001 inch) depth of texture should be provided.
Living hinges are thin sections of plastic that connect two segments of a part to keep them together and allow the part to be opened and closed. Typically these are used in containers that are used in high volume applications such as toolboxes, fish tackle boxes, CD boxes etc.
The materials used to make a living hinge are usually a very flexible plastic such as polypropylene and polyethylene. These can flex more than a million cycles without failure.
Besides meeting the design guidelines, the hinges have to be processed properly. The molecules have to be oriented along the hinge line for the hinge to have acceptable life.
As molded the fibers of the plastic are somewhat random in orientation. In order to orient the fibers to aid in prolonging the hinge life, some or all of the following practices should be followed:
The gate location should be such as to allow the plastic to flow across the hinge for maximum strength.
As the part comes out of the mold, it needs to be flexed a minimum of 2 times while it is still hot, for optimum strength
Coining is often done to give the hinge, enhanced properties. The coining process compresses the hinge to a pre-determined thickness. The strain induced is greater than the yield stress of the plastic. This will plastically deform the hinge (i.e. place it outside the elastic range into the plastic range). The amount of coining (compression) should be less than the ultimate stress, to keep the hinge from fracturing.
The finished thickness after coining should be from 0.25 to 0.5 mm (0.010 to 0.020 inch). This keeps the stress in the outer fibers from exceeding the yield strength when being flexed.This process can also be done by heating the hinge or the coining tool to a temperature below the glass transition tempertature of the plastic. This allows for easier coining and somewhat enhanced properties, as the plastic "flow" easier when being heated.
What is your project named? my-app Would you like to use TypeScript? No / Yes Would you like to use ESLint? No / Yes Would you like to use Tailwind CSS? No / Yes Would you like to use `src/` directory? No / Yes Would you like to use App Router? (recommended) No / Yes Would you like to customize the default import alias (@/*)? No / Yes What import alias would you like configured? @/*
아두이노 Uno, Mega2560 등의 보드에 꽂아서 사용하는 컬러 터치 LCD입니다. 동봉된 터치펜으로 손가락보다 정밀한 입력도 가능하며 예제 소스코드로 손쉽게 구동할 수 있습니다. MicroSD카드소켓이 있어 저장된 이미지 또는 데이터를 표시하는 등의 응용이 가능합니다. 추가 reset버튼이있어 기존 버튼을 가리더라도 불편이 없습니다. ※아두이노보드가 포함되어있지 않은 제품입니다.
화면크기 : 48.96mm×36.72mm(2.4inch) 전체크기 : 72.20mm×52.70mm 해상도 : 320×240 pixel (QVGA) 지원색상 : RGB 지원보드 : Arduino Uno Arduino Due Arduino Mega2560 Arduino Mega ADK Arduino Leonardo 드라이버IC : ILI9341 화면 인터페이스 : 8bit parallel data bus 외부 인터페이스 : microSD 소켓 구성품 : TFT LCD 쉴드, 터치펜
This project uses on off-the-shelf capacitive touch shield or module to provide touch-sensitive pads for a 12 (recommended for beginners) to 48 (advanced) note “piano”.
These are the key Arduino tutorials for the main concepts used in this project:
As you can see one is a shield for the Arduino Uno with crocodile clip friendly connections. The other is a generic breakout board with headers for using with a solderless breadboard and any microcontroller of your choice.
For an alternative, if you search for MPR121 on popular auction sites or Chinese suppliers you will find a number of breakout boards that look very similar to the now discontinuedSparkfun Capacitive Touch Sensor Breakoutboard, again designed for use with solderless breadboards and any microcontroller you fancy. The one I found looks like this:
I have an Adafruit shield and several cheap ebay modules, so I’m basing the rest of this project around those.
Using a Single Module – 12 Inputs
By the far the simplest thing is to use one of these modules to provide 12 inputs. In the case of the Adafruit shield, just plug in the shield and you are ready to go!
In the case of the non-Adafruit modules, the following connections are required:
Arduino 3.3V --- 3.3V or VIN
Arduino GND --- GND
Arduino SDA or A4 --- SDA
Arduino SCL or A5 --- SCL
One key feature worth noting is that the MPR121 chip itself is a 3.3V device not 5V. The Adafruit boards include an on-board regulator which happily takes care of the power conversion. The non-Adafruit devices do not, they have to be powered from the 3.3V supply of the Arduino or you will damage the boards.
Now all the circuits and tutorials I’ve seen imply that as long as you power the module from the 3.3V pin of the Arduino, then you can link up SDA and SCL to the Arduino and it just works. But this means that you are using 5V logic at the Arduino end to talk to 3.3V logic at the MPR121 end. This might be ok – the MPR121 datasheet wasn’t very illuminating on the topic. In practice this does seem to work, but I don’t know for how long.
Extending to Multiple Modules – up to 48 Inputs
All of these modules use one of the built-in communication busses of the Arduino for communications – in this case the I2C interface (which stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit) which is a serial protocol using a data signal (SDA), a clock (SCL), power and ground. I’ll not go into the details of how I2C works here, but it is worth noting that every device connected to I2C has an address to uniquely identify it to the Arduino.
All of these boards allow you to choose one of four addresses. By default, its address is 0x5A (that is 5A in hexadecimal). By linking the ADDR (or ADD) pin to one of 3.3V, SDA or SCL it is possible to change the default and choose 0x5B, 0x5C or 0x5D. This means a single microcontroller than support up to 48 capacitive touch inputs using these modules.
I have to say, the Adafruit modules are very simple to change address – just patch the ADDR pin to one of 3.3V, SDA or SCL, or leave it unconnected (it is linked to GND by default). The Sparkfun based boards are more complication in that they need you to cut a track between a jumper that will default to connecting ADD(R) to ground or you risk shorting the board.
At the very least, I found that the address selection using SDA or SCL doesn’t work when using 5V levels.
The solution, if you are using one of these boards with no on-board regulator, is to use a bi-directional level shifter that takes 5V on one side and converts it to 3.3V on the other. This can be used for the SDA/SCL signal pins. Mine looks like this.
IMPORTANT: Recall that there is a jumper that has to be cut to allow ADDR to be linked to another pin for second and subsequent boards. For my module, this is on the underside as shown here.
To resort back to the default setting, the link between ADDR and GND must be re-established either by a solder joint here or linking the external pin to GND.
The final circuit for me, supporting several of these MPR121 breakout boards looks like this.
In summary, the Adafruit modules are much easier to use, in fact the shield is very easy to setup! The Adafruit module is easier if you plan to use several modules linked together, but the non-Adafruit modules can be made to work ok and can be found very cheaply online if you look.
The Code
Regardless of which module you chose, Adafruit have provided an Arduino library for the MPR121 which works really well with any module based around the MPR121 chip. You need to install it using the library manager – just search for MPR121 and you’ll see “Adafruit_MPR121”. The provided example code is a quick way to test that your module is working using simple “one-module” connections as described above.
I have taken the basic code from the Arduino Touch Pianoand updated it to use the Adafruit library.
Now, I want to support up to four of these modules, which will therefore support up to 48 capacitive inputs – that is enough for four octaves! So I’ve used the ToneMelody pitches.h file once again to define frequencies for the Arduino tone() function for the range C3 up to B6.
The Adafruit library links up to the MPR121 using a Adafruit_MPR121 programming object, so to support four devices I include four of these objects (called cap1 to cap4).
// It is possible to have up to four of these connected.
// But it needs the "addresses" to be set correctly.
Adafruit_MPR121 cap1 = Adafruit_MPR121();
Adafruit_MPR121 cap2 = Adafruit_MPR121();
Adafruit_MPR121 cap3 = Adafruit_MPR121();
Adafruit_MPR121 cap4 = Adafruit_MPR121();
In the code I look for devices at each of the four I2C bus addresses (0x5A, 0x5B, 0x5C, 0x5D) and record any I find using the “numcaps” variable. Note that I actually use the lowest four bits to record which modules are found, so the first module (at 0x5A) is indicated by the lowest bit (i.e. numcaps = 1) and the others by bits 2, 3 and 4 (or values of 2, 4, and 8 respectively). This means I am able to work out which of the boards are present later in the code by examining the bits of numcaps.
Then in the main loop() function I scan any found devices (by examining the bits of numcaps) and read the 12 inputs for each one.
// Loop through all possible cap devices
for (int c=0; c<4; c++) {
// Get the currently touched pads for all found cap devices
uint16_t currtouched;
if (numcaps & (1<<c)) {
switch (c) {
case 0:
currtouched = cap1.touched(); break;
case 1:
currtouched = cap2.touched(); break;
case 2:
currtouched = cap3.touched(); break;
case 3:
currtouched = cap4.touched(); break;
}
...
I then use this as the basis for which note to play via the tone() function. The code will always “play” the highest note detected and will keep playing until either the note changes or no notes are detected.
If you turn on the Arduino serial monitor, there is a continual feed of debug output that tells you which sensors have been read at any one time which can be handy for fault finding.
The standard 220Ω resistor-to-speaker circuit is added from pin 12 and GND for the audio output to complete the module.
These modules make it relative easily to do a “diy” version of theInstant Touch Music. With a bit of work it can be seen that many more inputs are possible. These modules certainly take much of the complication of capacitive sensing away from the code compared todoing it all by hand.
Now that I’ve introduced the idea of communicating with off the shelf modules using one of the built-in IO busses from the Arduino, there are many more modules that have musical potential that could be looked at.
실행 중인 편집기를 닫고 패치의 압축을 푼 다음 HMIFORM.dll 및 hmitype.dll 두 파일을 Windows 폴더 "Program Files (x86)\USART HMI\"에 복사하고 편집기를 시작합니다.현재 버전에 대한 업데이트를 선택하지 마십시오.패치가 자동으로 적용되며 편집기는 영어로 표시됩니다.링크를 클릭하면 중국어 페이지로 연결될 수 있다는 점에 유의하세요.
- 충전/방전을 반복함으로써 불안정한 전원을 잡아주기 위해 사용 - 직류를 통과시키지 않고 교류만 통과시키게 함 - 다이오드와 정류회로를 구성하여 교류를 직류로 만듬 - 콘덴서의 충전시간을 이용해서 펄스의 시간지연을 만듬 - 저항과 함께 구성하여 여러 신호들 중에서 저주파 또는 고주파 신호만을꺼냄 - 노이즈를 제거하기 위한 방법으로 사용 - IC(집적회로)의 안정된 작동을 위해 사용.
typedef 선언은 typedef를 스토리지 클래스로 사용하는 선언입니다. 선언자는 새 형식이 됩니다. typedef 선언을 사용하여 C에서 이미 정의된 형식이나 사용자가 선언한 형식에 대한 보다 짧거나 의미 있는 이름을 생성할 수 있습니다. typedef 이름을 사용하면 변경될 수 있는 구현 정보를 캡슐화할 수 있습니다.
typedef 선언은 변수 또는 함수 선언과 같은 방식으로 해석되지만, 선언에 형식이 지정되었다고 가정하는 대신 식별자가 형식의 동의어가 됩니다.